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Find out the cervical cancer symptoms, causes and treatment in India by the top cancer specialists or oncologists in India

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What is Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer refers to the cancer of the uterine cervix, i.e. the lower part of the uterus, which extends slightly into the top of the vagina. Cervical cancer is the most common cancer in Indian women and the second most frequent cancer worldwide. Every year about 1.3 lakh new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in our country, and about 74,000 women die of this disease.

There are two main types of cervical cancer:

  • Squamous cell carcinoma: It is the most common type of cervical cancer which develops from the flat cells that cover the outer surface of the cervix at the top of the vagina.
  • Adenocarcinoma: This type of cervical cancer develops from the glandular cells that line the cervical canal (endocervix). As adenocarcinoma starts in the cervical canal, it can be more challenging detecting with cervical screening tests.

There are also, less common types of cancer of the cervix, known as adenosquamous carcinomas, clear-cell carcinomas and small-cell carcinomas.

Changes in the cervical cell typically have no symptoms, but if it turns into cervical cancer, the symptoms may include:

  • Pelvic pain.
  • Pain during sexual intercourse.
  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding.
  • Abnormal vaginal discharge.

Some common causes of cervical cancer are:

  • Smoking.
  • Family history.
  • Sexually transmitted disease, human papillomavirus (HPV).
  • Intake of birth control pills.
  • Having multiple sexual partners.

Some common risks of cervical cancer are:

  • Irregular periods.
  • Loss of sexual drive.
  • Vaginal dryness.
  • Hot flushes.
  • Osteoporosis.
  • Urine leakage while coughing or sneezing (stress incontinence).

Following are some methods that can help to prevent cervical cancer:

  • HPV vaccine.
  • Using condoms during intercourse.
  • Quitting smoking.
  • Sexual hygiene. 

How is it diagnosed?

If our doctor suspects cervical cancer, a Pap test is conducted as a screening test for observing the abnormal growth of cells in the cervix. Test for HPV is also conducted. Further tests conducted to confirm the presence of cervical cancer are:

  • Biopsy
  • Chest X-ray
  • Ultrasound
  • Pet scan
  • CT scan
  • MRI scan

How is it treated?

If found at an early stage, cervical cancer can be successfully treated. The treatment mode depends on the stage and type of the cancer. The patient’s age, overall health, quality of life, and desire to reproduce is also considered before the treatment. Treatment may be a single therapy or a combination of different therapies, which may include:

  • Surgery

    It is done to remove the cancer. The type of surgery depends on the location and the extent of spread of the cancer.

  • Radiation therapy

    It is often used in combination with surgery. It includes a high dose of X-rays to kill cancer cells.

  • Chemotherapy

    It includes usage of medicines to kill cancer cells. It may be used to treat advanced stages of cervical cancer.

  • Chemoradiation

    It is a combination of chemotherapy and radiation.

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